Ethics and Governance 2220 Case Study Assignment

Ethics and Governance 2220 Case Study Assignment

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Ethics and Governance 2220 Case Study Assignment

This semester’s case study is about Carousell, which is a classifieds marketplace. Carousell states that their platform makes selling “as easy as taking a photo, buying as simple as chatting”. Launched in August 2012, Carousell began in Singapore and is now one of the world’s largest Carousell is the leading classifieds group in Greater Southeast Asia. Carousell’s mission to “make second-hand the first choice” has many positive aspects for sustainability Ethics and Governance 2220 Assignment 2

Student Name:

Student Number:

Lecture Group: Date: 3/22/2022

Introduction

Ethics is an integral element of the business practice or an organization operating within society. As a result, the firms build their credibility and overall authenticity in public based on their commitment to addressing ethical issues. Thus, a common concept of ethical problem solving comprises a sole dedication to investigating the unique business’ environment, in this case Carousell’s business model and recognizing the moral problem from multiple perspectives, by using the 3 main ethics themes of teleological, deontological and virtue ethics.

The teleological concepts reveal an ethical action that produces a higher ratio of good to bad or the overall consequence of an action based on the result of a decision. Deontological ethics emphasizes the truthfulness of action in accordance with a certain code of conduct by doing what is “right”. Virtue ethics emphasizes the character based on how things should be based regardless of the outcomes. Thus, teleological, deontological and virtue ethics, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) form the ethics concepts in problem-solving essential in keeping the organizations aligned to moral practices.

Problem Identification: Ethical Problem

An ethical problem is where a scenario or activity conflicts with the moral principles in society. Therefore, businesses have the responsibility to implement rules and safeguard societal moral principles within their operations.

In the case of Carousell, a leading classified marketplace in Greater Southeast Asia, the platform experiences vast ethical problems, which contradicts societal values. It is important to acknowledge that Carousell connects consumers, enabling communication and sale of various types of services or items on their platform. However, some parties use the platform to sell illegal or restricted goods and services. For instance, homework services, assignments, essay notes and other learning materials, which violates the intellectual property (IP) rights. The sale of university materials such as essays, lecture notes, etc., is a wrongdoing that has been recognised over the world; they violate societal values of IP protection and hinders the intention of establishing an ever-learning society. Thus, Carousell faces IP infringement as a critical ethical problem, mainly associated with the sale of essays, lecture notes, assignments, etc.

Research: Business Ethics Theories and CSR Theories

The business ethics and CSR theories can be mentioned as the backbone for moral business decisions. Teleological, deontological and virtue ethics forms the fundamental of business ethics theories. Teleological ethics is a normative ethical theory that confirms that an action or business practice is good or bad (moral or immoral) based on the outcomes. Thus, the “right” or “wrong” of business practice from the teleological perspective is defined by the results or outcomes; the end justifies the means (Koçyiğit&Karadağ, 2016). perspectives in teleological ethics on whether a business practice is ethical or moral, is by considering the results or outcomes which promote a good result compared to an evil outcomes. (Akrivou&Scalzo, 2020).

Deontological ethics emphasize the action rather than the outcomes, confirming that an action is morally good or bad if it adheres to specific moral codes such as equity and objectivity and universalize ideas. Deontological ethics focus on the relationship between the people’s morality and their duty. Businesses and decision-makers are morally obligated to specific actions regardless of outcomes or consequences for human welfare (Schwartz, 2017).Thus, the business practices under deontological ethics morality are guided by the ability to fulfil a duty or adhere to a moral rule.

Virtue ethics ascertains a moral action is dictated by the moral virtue concept derived from the individual’s character (Koçyiğit&Karadağ, 2016). Therefore, virtue ethics entails focusing on the ethical exemplars an organization ought to imitate as s conformance to objectivist virtues. Tripathy and Sarangi (2017) ascertain that virtue ethics form the background for guiding ethical values such as honesty, integrity, corporate social responsibility, fairness, etc., which influence the overall commitment to moral decisions. Therefore, virtue ethics emphasizes the person’s or business’ character or adherence to virtue to evaluate the rightness of an action.

Agudelo et al. (2019) confirm that CSR is a historical perspective, such that businesses are obligated to the society in diverse aspects of their operations. Studies ascertain that CSR has evolved over the years; attaining or generating sustainability is a priority. Mohammed (2020) demonstrates that CSR emerges from the concept that businesses have moral or ethical obligations and must respond to social pressures.

Thus, CSR encompasses the firm’s philanthropic, ethical, legal and economic responsibilities to society (Mohammed, 2020). Corporate Social Performance (CSP) entails the CSR theory emphasizing the need to alter the firm’s behaviour to unleash more benefits and less harm on societies and people. The stakeholder theory forms the foundation for CSR, citing the firm’s obligation to enhance the efficiency of its relationships with other interconnected parties or stakeholders such as consumers, suppliers, etc.,in the society (Mohammed, 2020). Therefore, business practices guided operation, with every firm obligated to conform to specific moral and society-based principles. (Add in How can this apply in Carousell)

Practical Application: Code of Business Practices

Code 1: We follow the law and trade regulations

Carousell must respect the trade policies, laws, and regulations at the domestic and international levels, such as a disallowing illegal transaction. Strict adherence to the law and trade regulations is an imperative code of business practice to ensure the selling parties trade within the frameworks or guidelines of the law. Notably, this code of practice is based on the deontological perspective such that the business has an intrinsic obligation to adhere to moral rules or duties. Besides, it constitutes a connection of business’s legal and ethical responsibility under the CSR theory, requiring adherence to regulations to legitimize its operations (Mohammed, 2020). From the deontological theory, the law obliges organizations or businesses to respect intellectual property rights.

However, viewing this code from the teleological perspective, mandatory adherence to the law is not absolute, provided the best outcome is attainable. Thus, it immorally right to consider an action provided it yields the best outcomes (Koçyiğit&Karadağ, 2016).Virtue ethics explore this code as a commitment to an inherent business moral feature or values such as integrity. These perspectives differ from the aspect that the deontological approach is influenced by absolute adherence to the law. The teleological perspective focuses on the outcomes rather than the rule or duty to measure the decency of the business practice, and virtue ethics theory is dictated by business values.

Code 2: We review and censor items before posting

Carousell reviews the items before approving the sellers ‘postings and then censors those, contravening the organizational values of honesty, integrity, trust, etc. Review and censorship entail the ultimate use of the system-based strategies to examine the posted item and ensure into do not meet the criteria of the student assessments such as university essays, textbooks, homework services, etc. The code of business practice is empowered by virtue ethics, focusing more on the character or business ‘specific attribute rather than action or consequences of the practice (Tripathy&Sarangi, 2017). Reviewing and censoring content enhance adherence to the virtues such as honesty, integrity, trust, etc. From the deontological perspective, reviewing and censoring items would fulfil a business duty to ensure no access to assessments. The teleological view accommodates the outcome element such that censorship would alleviate traffic of assessments on the website and inhibit access to illicit services or assessment materials. Furthermore, this code relates to the Corporate Social Performance (CSP) theory aimed at altering the business behaviour (censorship) to maximize outcomes (protect IP rights).

Code 3: We investigate and report illicit practice

The organization is committed to supporting a safe and legitimate society; thus, any uncensored illicit practice is subject to investigation and report to the infringed institutions. Carousell is committed to building partnerships within the society and supporting a value-based society by engaging the right partners. This code adopts diverse ethical business practice dimensions; primarily, the teleological perspective emphasizes outcomes (Akrivou&Scalzo, 2020) such as partnership. The teleological viewpoint would result in an ethical position that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends on the magnitude of the results. Based on deontological ethics, this code holds on adherence to the rules such as mandatory reporting of illicit practices. The virtue ethics theory unleashes Carousell’s commitment to fulfilling core values such as integrity, honesty, and trust. This code constitutes a salient element of stakeholder theory, bearing an obligation to the stakeholders to create value and build quality relationships (Mohammed, 2020).

Justifying the Different Perspectives of Business Practice Codes

Notably, businesses may operate regionally or beyond their domestic markets, where they are obligated to limited scope or coverage in business ethics. Therefore, ethical perspectives and the identified business practice codes must be informed by the ethics theories. Grigoropoulos (2019) confirms that the underlying economic, political, social and cultural factors or forces influence ethical business decisions; businesses use these alternatives and decide based on the moral metrics. As a result, it is essential to consider other the identified codes and the ethical perspectives for businesses operating regionally. Notably, the business practice codes can be informed by deontological ethics by dictating options through a rule-based approach. Koçyiğit and Karadağ (2016) confirm that morality based on the deontological ethic entails fulfilling the moral duty or rules through fair, objective and universal actions. Considering that the regional businesses operating are subject to different regulations, the deontological ethics would inform a moral act based on fairness, objectivity and universality principles.

Furthermore, virtue ethics would inform a moral action based on the organization’s character, demonstrating an action as a replication of inner decency (Koçyiğit&Karadağ, 2016).Therefore; virtue ethics would inform a right action by engraining beliefs, experiences and sensitivity to decision-making. Reliance on the business values such as honesty, trust, integrity is critical informants to businesses. Additionally, teleological ethics would inform enterprises by weighing the consequences of action and then establishing the moral standards that legitimize these outcomes. Benlahcene et al. (2018) emphasize the results irrespective of the business’ intention or behaviour. Therefore, teleological ethics would inform the business practice codes by pointing out the most favourable outcomes of moral action.

It is essential to acknowledge that ethical practice is a collective of ethical, legal, philanthropist and economic responsibilities. However, organizations or businesses such as Carousell might not be under any legislative obligation to develop codes for contract cheating. As a result, when overlaid with Friedman’s classical perspective in the absence of legislative duty, there can be a different consideration on what constitutes an ethical action. Studies acknowledge that Friedman’s classical perspective of corporate social responsibility emphasizes the business-centric views such that an organization has the sole social responsibility of making a profit(Amin-Chaudhry, 2016).Thus, engagement in social welfare activities is solely motivated by the long-term motive to maximize shareholder wealth. Notably, Friedman’s perspective in the light of ethics holds that businesses have a sole responsibility to maximize economic efficiency while operating within the limits of the law. As a result, in the absence of the legislative obligation, Friedman’s perspective reveals that businesses would operate to the limits that optimize their wealth or economic prowess regardless of the ethical mayhem under consideration. Unlike other approaches like the stakeholder’s perspective, Friedman’s perspective is business-centric (Amin-Chaudhry, 2016), meaning all decisions must yield some economic value to the business.

Schaltegger et al. (2017) ascertain that the stakeholder perspective acknowledges the interconnection between firm and other stakeholders, including a commitment to enhance value of every party directly or indirectly involved in business’ operations. Therefore, the stakeholder’s perspective could direct the firm to consider other parties’ rights and going beyond the law or their legislative obligation to serve all parties. Although there is no absolute right or wrong approach, Freeman’s stakeholder perspective yields different results by prioritizing value for other involved partners such as suppliers, customers, communities in the business operations.

Conclusions

It is essential to acknowledge that business ethics and the ability to alleviate dilemmas require a rational organization seeking to explore beyond its limits. Besides, other than the primary obligation to make a profit, businesses have a responsibility to society, including all the stakeholders such as consumers, suppliers, government, other corporations, etc. Therefore, establishing a quality and moral decision with diverse ethical perspectives is a critical requirement to pursue higher objectives. Furthermore, identifying the prevailing situations and immediate needs form the background for heightening the organization. For instance, it is essential to engrain the deontological perspective to engage the rules and teleological viewpoint to maximize positive outcomes and virtue ethics to enhance compliance with and enhance the organizational character. Above all, the stakeholder’s perspective remains outstanding to engage and consider all parties in ethical decision-making.

RUBRIC
Excellent Quality 95-100%	Introduction 45-41 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.		Literature Support 91-84  points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.			Methodology 58-53 points Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score 50-85%	40-38 points More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.		83-76  points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.			52-49  points Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality 0-45%	37-1 points The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.		75-1 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.			48-1 points There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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