General Theory of Crime
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Self-control as a General Theory of Crime
Social Behavior and Inequalities Summary
Social Behavior and Inequalities Summary
Deviance
Deviance can be defined as an act that violates the rules of a group whether it be custom, law or moral code. Social groups create the rights and wrongs by
originating norms, the infraction that constitutes deviance. In other words, nothing inherent in a particular act makes it deviant. Whether or not an act is
determined to be deviant depends on how other people react to the act. Deviance can be a criminal or non‐criminal act. The sociological discipline that deals with
crime is criminology. Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, playing with fire, stealing, lying, refusing
to bathe, purchasing the services of prostitutes, and cross‐dressing to name only a few as deviant.
Social Perspectives
People who engage in deviant behavior are referred to as deviants. Sociologists who follow the functionalist approach argue that societies need a limited amount
of crime, because crime is inevitable, and that crime performs three positive functions that consist of: regulation, integration and change. They view deviance as a
key component of a functioning society. Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory represent three functionalist perspectives on
deviance in society.
Akers (1991) Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance. Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists don’t see these
factors as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of inequality in the system. They also challenge social disorganization theory and control
theory and argue that both ignore racial and socioeconomic issues and oversimplify social trends. Conflict theorists also look for answers to the correlation of
gender and race along with wealth and crime
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or
conventional. Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory fall within the realm of symbolic interactionism.
Social Inequalities
Social inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income as well as between the overall quality and luxury of each person’s
existence within a society, while economic inequality is caused by the unequal accumulation of wealth; social inequality exists because of the lack of wealth in
certain areas prohibits these people from obtaining the same types of housing, health care, education, and other luxuries as the wealthy. One cause of social
inequalities is starting points in life. Williams (2011), According to Williams “The situation that each of us are born into. If you’re born into a family with wealth and
assets, you get a head start”. In other words, your life is setup for you to succeed because you were raised by a family in a high social class level.
References
Akers, Ronald L. 1991. “Self-control as a General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology:201–11.
Williams, J. (2011). Five Causes of Inequalities. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Retrieved from http://makewealthhistory.org/2011/11/22/five-causes-of-
ineaquality/
Self-control as a General Theory of Crime
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
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Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
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Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
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37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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