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American, French and Haitian Multimedia Renaissance Revolutions
14-4-1 2:02 PM
Multimedia Renaissance
Sermons, rites, rituals and ceremonies
Music, songs and poetry
Plays, operas and other public performances
Paintings and other visual arts
Woodcut reproduced images
Visual forms of communication
Hand gestures and body language
Theater as Propaganda
Royal court traveled around the empire in huge royal caravans.
Trying desperately to hold the empire together.
Transition to Modern
Agricultural Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
American, French and Haitian Revolutions
Printing Press
Invented around 1436 by German Goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg.
We don’t know exactly when.
This is due in part to the fact that the printing press had nor been invented.
Routine business records were not used nearly as extensively before the invention of the printing press.
Reformation
1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were printed and widely disseminated.
Protestant Reformation
German Peasants’ War 1524-1526
Wars of Religion 1524 to 1648
Westphalian Peace Treaty
Modern nation and international law based on Westphalian Peace
Media and Modernity
The printing press played a major part in:
Age of Exploration- Columbus
Protestant Reformation
Agricultural Revolution in Erope
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Democratic Revolutions in America, France and Haiti
Industrial Revolution
Modern Era (Victorian and beyond)
Information Revolution
The invention of the printing press remains an UNDERESTIMATED agent of change in human history.
Revolutionized the way human communicate, understand and describe their world.
Briggs and Burke break reading down into five categories:
Critical reading
Dangerous reading
Creative reading
Extensive reading
Private reading
Printed Knowledge
Democratization of knowledge, more knowledge became more available to more people.
Standardized and preserved knowledge
Knowledge became cumulative in a way it had never been
Stimulated new ideas
New inventions in agriculture, philosophy, science, economy and industry
New diversity of ideas and voices
Public sphere where public opinion forms
Development of Enlightenment thought
Social contract between governed and government
Formation of concept of constitutional government
Separation of church and state
Checks and balances
Critique of monarchy
Modern literature become possible
Fiction and recreation reading
Modern novel
Modern notion of the individual
Changed romantic love and marriage
Arranged marriage declined and marriage for love became the norm
Mechanical reproduction of art changed the meaning of art
Made news, opinion, literature and art commodities
Printing in its Contexts 14-4-1 2:02 PM
New Relationships
As printers came to exist, so did new social groups, eventually changing the traditional feudal structure of Europe into modern society.
Impacted jobs and occupations within European cities
New jobs became available
New Institutions
New understanding of academic work and audiences
Rise of the secular Universities
By 1500, within 60 years of its invention, the printing press was being used throughout Western Europe
Over 20 million books had been produced
Elizabethan Era 1558-1603
Shakespeare did his major works 1590’s
Italian opera debuts in 1594
First English dictionary 1604 by Samuel Johnson
Cervantes’ Don Quixote 1605
Enlightenment
Newspapers create Anderson called “simultaneity” a sense of shared experience of ongoing world history.
In 1620 English Philosopher Francis Bacon noted that the printing press had changed the world and what it means for humans to live in it
Bacon then called for a revolution in knowledge, influencing Issac Newton and the Scientific Revolution
It clearly laid the groundwork for what we now recognize as the knowledge based economy of capitalism
1623 Statute of Monopolies-Patents
1712 Thomas Newcomen invented steam engine
1775 Watt and Boulton steam engine becomes practical
1776 Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
1771 Luigi Galvani revitalized legs of dead frogs with electricity
1819 Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein
First Industrial Revolution
A host of encyclopedias and Societies played a key role in documenting and disseminating the technological developments
Modern mail system evolved
Based on a long series of scientific and technological innovations the production of existing goods was increased and made much cheaper
Textile manufacture mining (coal)
Metallurgy (iron then steel)
Chemistry (paper and glass)
Electricity
Tools, machines
Railroad, wire cable, telegraph
Second Industrial Revolution-1870
Fundamental changes in production and products
Basic concepts included ideas such as interchangeable parts
Up to this point complex tools were created one at a time by artisans
Dies and jigs made the production of interchangeable parts and replacement parts possible
The factory division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive
Productivity rose dramatically
Prices of consumer goods dell dramatically
Creation of the middle class consumer-based material culture
This period saw the rise of the petroleum.u
1769 Steam locomotive rolls out
1843 Morse telegraph
1842 British Copyright Act
1844 Electric Telegraph Company
1848 Karl Marx’s communist Manifesto
1850 First submarine cable, England-France
1851 Wet plate photography
The Great Exposition of the Industry of All Nations in London’s Hyde Park
Exposition Universelle of 1889
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Edmund Burke (1787)
Feudal estates of the realm:
Clergy
Nobility
Commoners
The Fourth Estate was newspapers
Allowed new voices to be heard
Diversity of political opinions
Media enabled the public discussion
Rise of civil society
New forms of government
Bourgeois Public Sphere
Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)
Discursive space where individuals and groups come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems
Ideally reach a common judgment on matters of mutual interest
Through discussion influence political action
Public Opinion
Public sphere is where the public:
Gets its information
Monitors government and business
Debates the issues
Formas a public opinion
Decides how to vote
Organizes collective action
An independent public sphere is a necessary prerequisite for participatory democracy
Free Press
Freedom of the press is essential for democracy
To have an informed citizenry the public sphere must be independent of:
Government sector
Private business sector
Marketplace of Ideas
“Free market place of ideas” metaphor Oliver Wendell Homes (1919)
market logic reduces knowledge to a commodity
news, opinion, sports, literature and art become commodities
rise of infotainment in the Sun and other early papers
concern for educating citizens gave way to market logic
whatever sells more newspapers
Public Sphere 14-4-1 2:02 PM
Radio Broadcast Firsts
Newsreels
First used in 1908
In the 1930-40’s there were dedicated newsreel theaters in some UC cities
Newsreels continued into the 1960’s
News with a Purpose
Think about what has changed in the news.
We talked about the public sphere approach
Infotainment and sensationalism
But there is more to it
It maters who is making the news and why
We can see the intent to sway audiences in various kinds of news media early on
Ideology
The body od doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual or group with reference to some political and social plan along with the devices for putting it into operation.
Consensus
Majority of opinion, general agreement or concord; harmony
Eurocentric ideologies helped maintain public consensus on the practice of colonialism and modern imperialism.
Policy of Containment
Containment was a policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism. A prominent component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam.
Politics of Containment
Following the 1917 communist revolution in Russia, there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government
NATO Alliance (1949)
Iron Curtain, Berlin Wasll
Cold War
Korean War
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
RUBRIC |
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Excellent Quality 95-100%
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Introduction
45-41 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Literature Support 91-84 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Methodology 58-53 points Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met. |
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Average Score 50-85% |
40-38 points More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided. |
83-76 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration. |
52-49 points Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met. |
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Poor Quality 0-45% |
37-1 points The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided. |
75-1 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration. |
48-1 points There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met |
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American, French and Haitian Multimedia Renaissance Revolutions |
American, French and Haitian Multimedia Renaissance Revolutions