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Instructions:
Chapter 11
Family Planning and Parenthood
Learning Objectives
Chapter 11 Family Planning and Parenthood
Outline the reasons for family planning.
Discuss basic facts about oral contraceptives: how they prevent conception; types and administration; effectiveness; advantages and health benefits; risks; and side effects.
Discuss basic facts about other forms of hormonal contraceptives.
Relate basic facts about the use of vaginal spermicides as contraceptives.
Describe the use of intrauterine devices and other mechanical devices or barrier methods (male condom, female condom, diaphragm, cervical shield, cervical cap, and contraceptive sponge).
Describe the processes of male and female sterilization (vasectomy and tubal ligation).
Explain methods of birth control without the use of devices, including the calendar method, withdrawal, and noncoital stimulation.
Summarize the considerations in choosing which birth control method to use.
Discuss the legal, moral, social and realistic, and psychological and personal considerations in relation to abortion.
Summarize the basic facts about infertility (causes; infertility and subjective well-being; treatments; and alternative means of conception).
Discuss basic issues in relation to adoption and foster care.
Discuss the basic issues and trends in relation to childlessness, smaller families, and delayed parenthood.
Summary
Family planning means having children by choice and not by chance; it means having the number wanted when they are wanted. Family planning is used to protect the health of the mother and children, to reduce the negative psychological impact and stress of parenthood, to maintain the well-being of the marriage and the family and its quality of life, and to avoid contributing to global overpopulation.
Oral contraceptives are effective, convenient, and easy to use. There are several types: combination pills containing estrogen and progestin, the mini-pill (progestin only), and the emergency contraceptive pill.
Combination pills have a number of positive health effects. They reduce the risk of benign breast disease, ovarian cysts, iron-deficiency anemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, and endometrial and ovarian cancer.
Birth control pills do not protect against STDs.
Other hormonal contraceptives include progestin injections or implants, vaginal rings, patches, and intrauterine systems (IUSs).
Contraceptive foam, suppositories, creams, jellies, and film are vaginal spermicides that are used to prevent conception by blocking the entrance to the uterus and by immobilizing and killing the sperm.
Mechanical contraceptive devices include the intrauterine device (IUD), male and female condoms, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and the contraceptive sponge.
Methods of birth control that dont involve devices include various fertility awareness techniques, which rely on limiting intercourse to the so-called safe period of the month, when the woman is less likely to get pregnant (there is really no completely safe period); withdrawal; and various means of noncoital stimulation.
Sterilization is the most popular contraceptive method among married women, with the pill second and condoms third.
Treatment for infertility depends on the causes. Surgical and hormonal treatments are most common. The couple also may be instructed in fertility awareness methods to enhance the possibility of conception.
Alternative means of conception include AI/IUI (either AIH or AID), IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, and surrogate mothers.
At one time, adoption was shrouded in secrecy: the adoptive parent and adopted child were prevented from knowing the birth history of the child. Adoption practices now are more open and involve different levels of communication among adoptive parents, birth parents, and child.
For many individuals, foster care is an option for caring for children. In fact, there are more children in need of foster homes than there are families who are willing to become foster parents.
Couples today can decide when to have children, how many children to have, and even whether to have children at all.
The number of children desired by U.S. families has declined, with most couples wanting no more than two.
More women are delaying parenthood so that they can complete their education, become established in their jobs, have more time to adjust to marriage, and have a greater opportunity for personal freedom before having their first baby.
Women who want to remain childless are more likely to be well educated, urban, less traditional in their gender roles, upwardly mobile, and professional; they also are more likely to marry at a later age than women who want children.
There are a number of arguments against having children, such as world overpopulation and restrictions on personal freedom. Without children, there is less work to do at home, more opportunity for self-fulfillment, less strain on the marriage, less worry and tension, less expense, and fewer obstacles to the pursuit of a career.
Key Terms
Family planning: Having children by choice and not by chance; having the number of children wanted at the time planned.
Oral contraceptives: Birth control pills taken orally (by mouth).
Combination pills: Oral contraceptives containing both estrogen and progestin.
Placebo: A pill that has no pharmacological effect.
Mini-pill: An oral contraceptive containing progestin only.
Emergency contraceptive pills: Oral contraceptives taken after intercourse to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Progestin injection: An injection of progestin to prevent pregnancy.
Implant: A matchstick-size device that is placed under the skin and releases progestin.
Vaginal ring: A flexible, transparent ring that is inserted into the vagina and releases a combination of estrogen and progestin continuously at a low dose for 1 month.
Contraceptive patch: A patch applied weekly to the buttocks, abdomen, or upper torso that releases hormones to prevent pregnancy.
Intrauterine system: A contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus and releases small amounts of progestin continuously for 3 to 6 years.
Spermicides: Chemicals that are toxic to sperm and are used as a contraceptive in the form of foam, suppository, cream, jelly, or film.
Intrauterine device: A device that is inserted into the uterus and worn there as a means of preventing pregnancy.
Male condom: A latex sheath worn over the penis to prevent sperm from being ejaculated into the vagina; also prevents the spread of STDs.
Female or internal condom: A polyurethane pouch inserted in the vagina to collect sperm, preventing fertilization.
Diaphragm: A thick, dome-shaped silicone cup that is stretched over a collapsible ring, designed to cover the cervical opening to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
Cervical cap: A small, thimble-shaped rubber barrier that fits over the cervix and prevents sperm from entering the uterus.
Contraceptive sponge: A polyurethane foam disk that contains spermicide and is placed over the cervix to block and absorb semen.
Sterilization: The process of rendering a person infertile by performing either a vasectomy in the male or tubal ligation in the female.
Vasectomy: Male sterilization whereby the vasa deferentia are cut and tied to prevent the sperm from being ejaculated out of the penis.
Castration: Removal of the testicles.
Tubal ligation: Female sterilization by severing and/or closing the fallopian tubes so that the ovum cannot pass down the tube.
Laparoscopy: Surgical method whereby a tubular instrument is passed through the abdominal wall.
Calendar method: A method of birth control whereby the couple has intercourse only during those times of the menstrual cycle when the woman is least likely to get pregnant.
Basal body temperature method: A method of fertility awareness based on the rise in basal body temperature that signals ovulation.
Cervical mucus method: A method of fertility awareness that uses changes in cervical mucus as indicators of ovulation.
Symptothermal method: Combining several natural family planning methods (basal body temperature plus cervical mucus, for example) to achieve greater accuracy in pinpointing ovulation.
Withdrawal: Withdrawal of the penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation, used as an attempt at birth control.
Abortion: The expulsion of the fetus; can be either spontaneous or induced.
Infertility: Failure to achieve a pregnancy after 1 year (6 months is she is over 35 years old) of frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse.
Artificial insemination/intrauterine insemination: Injection of sperm into vagina, cervix, or uterus for the purpose of achieving conception.
In vitro fertilization: Removing egg cells from a woman, fertilizing them with sperm in the laboratory, and then placing the fertilized egg in the uterus.
Gamete intrafallopian transfer: The process of inserting sperm cells and egg cells directly into the fallopian tube, where fertilization is expected to occur.
Zygote intrafallopian transfer: Removing egg cells from a woman, mixing them with sperm in the laboratory, and placing the fertilized egg cells directly into the fallopian tube.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: The process of injecting a single sperm cell directly into a single egg cell to further enhance the possibility of fertilization.
Zygote: A fertilized egg cell.
Surrogate mother: A woman who agrees to be impregnated (by artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization), to carry the fetus to term, and then to give the child to the couple, along with all parental rights.
Discussion Questions
What does family planning mean? What methods are used to accomplish family planning?
What are the most effective contraceptive options?
What are the most effective fertility treatments?
What are some of the additional family planning options for families with whom fertility treatments did not work?
How has adoption changed over time? Are the changes better for families, and in what ways?
Should parents of adopted children tell them about their adoption? Why or why not?
How does sterilization fit into the family planning model? What are some reasons people may decide to undergo a sterilization procedure?
What are some of the considerations that go into the debate over abortion laws?
Why do some people choose not to have children?
Is it culturally acceptable for a woman to decide to not have children in the United States? What are some potential consequences of this decision?
Activities
Have students research the birth rates for five different countries of their choosing, including the United States. Then have students compare the birth rates. How does the United States stack up? Why might it be similar or dissimilar to the other countries?
Have students research the cost of various infertility treatments. What are the costs? How might the costs of these treatments impact families who want to have children but cannot do so on their own?
Have students debate the pros and cons of telling a child that he or she is adopted. Students should keep in mind the historical perspective on this issue as well as the practical implications.
Have students interview a parent about his or her decision to have children. (This exercise is meant to have students reflect on the family planning process.)
Have students research the costs of adoption in three different countries. Why does the cost vary so drastically? What considerations should families make when choosing where they would like to adopt from?
For Further Reading
http://www.adoption.com has information about adoptions, both domestic and international, as well as resources for adoptees, birth parents, adoption reunions, and foster parenting.
Visit the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/art, for information about assisted reproductive technology, infertility, reproductive health, and preconception care.
Haynes, J., and Miller, J. (Eds.). (2003). Inconceivable conceptions: Psychological aspects of infertility and reproductive technology. New York: Brunner Routledge. Considers the experience of infertility from the point of view of professionals working in the field as well as men and women seeking treatment.
McFarlane, D.R. (2000). The politics of fertility control: Family planning and abortion polices in the American states. New York: Chatham House. Discusses the political controversy surrounding fertility control and the reasons the debate is so important.
The website for Planned Parenthood, http://www.plannedparenthood.org, has information about birth control, including a chat room for discussions about concerns related to birth control and a My Method option in which you enter some personal information to receive advice as to which method of birth control would be best suited for you. Also gives a locator to find a clinic near you.
Shanley, M.L. (2001). Making babies, making families: What matters most in an age of reproductive technologies surrogacy, adoption, and same sex unwed parents. Boston: Beacon Press. Focuses on the need for new family laws that reflect the changing nature of the family today.
RUBRIC |
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Excellent Quality 95-100%
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Introduction
45-41 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Literature Support 91-84 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Methodology 58-53 points Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met. |
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Average Score 50-85% |
40-38 points More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided. |
83-76 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration. |
52-49 points Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met. |
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Poor Quality 0-45% |
37-1 points The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided. |
75-1 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration. |
48-1 points There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met |
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Chapter 11 Family Planning and Parenthood