Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
Order ID:89JHGSJE83839 Style:APA/MLA/Harvard/Chicago Pages:5-10 Instructions:
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
Designing Value-Based Service
As the rate of innovation increases, companies face expanding product/service lines, shorter product and service lifecycles, and more frequent product/service transitions. All of these can bring tremendous value but also pose enormous challenges and risks.
The article “The Art of Managing New Product Transitions” by Erhun, Gonclave, and Hopman (2007) from the readings for this module includes a matrix titled “Product Drivers and Risk Factors,” which focuses on Intel, a company that manufactures high-tech products (p. 76). Based on your readings and research, address the following issues:
Redesign the product risk factor matrix so that the factors are appropriate for a services firm that delivers traditional tax accounting and audit services. For example, among the supply risks, assume that the company relies on individuals with specific knowledge of the tax law in the jurisdictions where its clients operate, be it state, federal, or foreign.
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
Now, assume that the firm wants to develop a management consultancy practice. (Alternatively, you may choose to add a legal services line instead.). Create a separate new matrix that summarizes the additional risk factors for this firm launching a management consultancy or legal services line. What additional risk factors are you adding to your matrix?
Explain how the business risks differ between traditional tax and audit services and management consulting services. In your opinion, what are the three biggest risks the firm faces if it diversifies into the new service line?
Recommend whether the firm should organically grow into a consultancy service or acquire a third party to achieve new goals. Justify your recommendations.
Develop a 6–8-slide presentation in PowerPoint format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.ppt.
Be sure to include the following in your presentation:
A title slides
An agenda slides
A reference slides
Headings for each section
Speaker notes to support the content in each slide
Home>Reading homework help>Discussion
4CHAPTER Utilitarianism Measuring Consequences
Learning Objectives: � To understand the nature of
teleological ethics and its differences from deontological ethics.
� To recognize the centrality of the principle of utility in the ethics of John Stuart Mill.
� To develop an appreciation of why utilitarianism is sometimes called consequentialism.
� To increase the ability to distinguish objective ways to assess the total happiness produced by an action.
� To appreciate criticisms of utilitarianism as a way to judge ethical action.
Labor to keep alive in your breast that little celestial fire called conscience.
—George Washington (1732–1799)
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
36
The police in Nashville, Tennessee, paid $120,000over a 3-year period to informants and prostitutes inan effort to impact the illicit sex trade. The police department paid informants “to touch and be touched” to gather evidence of prostitution. A police captain defended the practice by asking the question, “What is the greater good?” He continued, “It may be distasteful
M04_ALBA5659_03_SE_C04.QXD 10/29/10 2:45 PM Page 36
to some people, but it’s better that we have those places shut down.”1 And, in fact, the city had closed more than thirty-five sex-related businesses, such as massage parlors and escort services. The money paid to informants came from seizures made in other prostitution and gambling cases. It was admitted, however, that a certain amount of sexual touching was usually necessary to show that the money being offered was clearly for the purpose of a sexual act.
Critics of these tactics included the county district attorney, who believed, “It is a little contradictory in letting the informant engage in the very act you’re trying to stamp out.” A city attorney acknowledged that as little contact as possible between informants and prostitutes is desirable, but “I’m reluctant to second-guess what the police have done so far because it’s been so successful.”2
Are such police tactics ethical? Without knowing it, the persons involved in this controversy were using the 200-year-old ethical concept of utility to determine the appropriateness of a police strategy. An understanding of this ethical theory helps resolve the dilemma posed by the police methods being used.
JOHN STUART MILL
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was born 2 years after Emmanuel Kant died. He developed the third of the three most influential ethical theories in history. Whereas Aristotle focused on virtue, and Kant on duty, Mill focused on utility. His approach is teleological because it decides ethical questions based on the good that results from an action. The morality of an act is determined, therefore, by the consequences it brings, compared with other alternative actions. In this view, ethical decisions result in the most good or happiness, whereas unethical decisions do not.
According to the central principle of utility, actions are right in proportion, as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (pain). That is to say, goodness is determined by the consequences of an action.3 It is the consequences of an action that determine its morality, making utility a teleological approach to ethics. The notion of utility, sometimes called consequentialism, was originated by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and can also be found in the writings of Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794).4 This ethical theory is based on the notion of hedonism, according to which all people are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. Mill’s exposition for determining the greatest happiness principle was a refinement of Bentham’s ideas, which equated the morality of an act with the amount of happiness it produces.
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
Mill’s notion of utilitarianism emphasized that “pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends.”5 Mill defines pleasure as happiness and the absence of pain. Pain is the absence of pleasure. He responds to the criticism that utilitarianism encourages people to act as hedonists by saying, “The accusation supposes human beings to be capable of no pleasures except those of which swine are capable.” In other words, “Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites.”6 Mill recognizes that not all pleasures are equal and that clearly some are more valuable and desirable than others. Of course, those whose capacity for enjoyment is low have the greatest chance of being satisfied, but “it is better to be human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied,” or stated another way, “better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”7 Mill recognizes that some pursue sensual self-indulgence that is bad for their health, even though they are aware that health is the greater good.
Chapter 4 • Utilitarianism 37
M04_ALBA5659_03_SE_C04.QXD 10/29/10 2:45 PM Page 37
PAIN, PLEASURE, AND HAPPINESS
An important question in Mill’s ethical perspective is that if pain and pleasure are used to assess the happiness that conduct will bring, how does one determine which is the greatest pleasure or pain? Mill believes that general consensus of those with experience is the best indicator. The experience of those (all or most) who give a decided preference determines hierarchy of pleasures. This consensus of experienced people is to be used to determine which pleasures will truly bring happiness. It also is not important to distinguish personal happiness from social happiness according to utilitarianism. The total amount of happiness is how pleasure is to be judged.
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
There are those who believe that happiness in life is unattainable, but Mill finds this assertion “is at least an exaggeration.” Clearly, a “continuity of highly pleasurable excitement . . . is impossible,” but happiness is a widely shared experience by many people.8 This experience is not often rapture, but many and various pleasures are experienced during life with fewer pains. Therefore, Mill believes happiness is attainable in the form of experiencing pleasure (versus pain).
Mill’s utilitarian approach sees current affairs standing in the way of greater happiness. Writing nearly 150 years ago, he sounds like a commentator today: “The present wretched education, and wretched social arrangements, are the only real hindrance to [happiness] being attainable by almost all.”9 Mill believes there are two causes to an unsatisfactory life: selfish- ness and lack of mental cultivation. Selfishness is caring for nobody but oneself, which leads to unhappiness because it lacks both public and private affections that contribute greatly to happiness. A person with a cultivated mind is interested in everything, such as nature, art, poetry, history, and the future. Lack of mental cultivation leads to indifference to all these things and ultimately to unhappiness according to Mill. Selfishness and an uncultivated mind, therefore, are primary factors that hinder the achievement of happiness.
Designing Value-Based Service Assignment
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
You Can Also Place the Order at www.collegepaper.us/orders/ordernow or www.crucialessay.com/orders/ordernow