Forensic Science and Forensic DNA Typing
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Forensic Science and Forensic DNA Typing
Forensic science is the application of scientific methods and techniques to investigate crimes, analyze evidence, and provide expert testimony in legal proceedings. It encompasses a wide range of fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, and computer science, and uses a variety of analytical techniques to help solve crimes and provide evidence in criminal cases.
Forensic DNA typing is a branch of forensic science that uses DNA analysis to identify individuals, determine relationships between individuals, and link suspects to crime scenes. DNA is a unique genetic code that is present in almost every cell of our body, and can be found in biological material such as blood, saliva, semen, and hair. The analysis of DNA evidence can provide valuable information in criminal investigations, and is considered one of the most reliable forms of evidence in court.
The process of forensic DNA typing involves several steps. First, DNA is extracted from the biological sample and purified. Next, specific regions of the DNA are amplified using a process called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which makes millions of copies of the target DNA sequence. The amplified DNA is then analyzed using various techniques such as gel electrophoresis or capillary electrophoresis to separate the DNA fragments based on size. Finally, the DNA profile is compared to a reference sample, such as a suspect’s DNA, to determine if there is a match.
Forensic DNA typing has revolutionized criminal investigations and has been instrumental in solving many high-profile cases. For example, in 1994, the first use of DNA evidence in a criminal trial helped convict a man of rape and murder in the United States. Since then, DNA evidence has been used to solve many other cases, including the identification of remains of victims of the September 11th terrorist attacks.
There are several different types of DNA analysis used in forensic science. The most common method is called short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, which looks at specific regions of the DNA that contain repeating sequences of nucleotides. Another type of DNA analysis is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, which looks at DNA found in the mitochondria of cells, and can be used to identify individuals even when only small amounts of DNA are available. Additionally, forensic scientists may use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, which looks at variations in a single nucleotide at a specific location in the DNA, or Y-chromosome analysis, which looks at DNA found only in males.
Forensic DNA typing has also raised several ethical and legal issues. For example, there are concerns about privacy and the use of DNA information for non-criminal purposes. Additionally, there have been cases where DNA evidence has been mishandled or misinterpreted, leading to wrongful convictions. To address these concerns, many countries have developed regulations and guidelines for the use of DNA evidence in criminal investigations.
In conclusion, forensic DNA typing is a powerful tool in criminal investigations that has transformed the field of forensic science. By providing accurate and reliable evidence, forensic DNA analysis has helped solve many crimes and exonerate the innocent. However, it is important to continue to address the ethical and legal issues associated with DNA evidence to ensure its responsible use in criminal investigations.
Forensic Science and Forensic DNA Typing
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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