Process Changes Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock
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Process Changes Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks
Figure 4. Gneiss, foliated (Wikimedia).
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Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to heat and pressure; in other words, the heat and pressure results in the rearrangement or recrystallization of minerals to form different minerals.
Metamorphic rocks formed from igneous rocks are sometimes called meta-igneous. Likewise, meta-sedimentary rocks are metamorphic rocks formed from sedimentary rocks.
Common metamorphic rocks include marble (from limestone) and gneiss (usually from granite).
Metamorphic rocks are divided into two broad categories, foliated and non-foliated:
- Foliated metamorphic rocks (Figure 3) exhibit banding as the minerals present align to form bands.
- Non-foliated rocks (Figure 4) lack this banding.
Metamorphoses can occur in two ways, namely contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism. The former happens over a small area and entails magma coming in direct contact with rock. The heat from the magma alters the crystal structure of the rock. The latter occurs over a much larger area and entails high heat and great pressure altering rock.
Expand the Metamorphic Rocks folder.
Metamorphic rocks – Jeff Davis Peak
Double-click and select the Jeff Davis Peak folder.
This is Jeff Davis peak which is comprised primarily of quartzite, a metamorphic rock formed from sandstone.
Double-click the Jeff Davis Peak Tour link to view an animation.
Click Photo 7 to see various rock layers of quartzite.
Uncheck the Jeff Davis Peak folder.
Figure 5. Marble, non-foliated (Wikimedia).
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Metamorphic rocks – Carrara, Italy
Double-click and select the Carrara Italy folder.
The white areas are marble quarries near Carrara, Italy, not far from Pisa. The area is well known for Carrara marble which is found in the surrounding mountains. This marble is used for statues and buildings such as the Pantheon in Rome.
Click Photo 8 to see a Carrara marble quarry.
Question 17: Why is contact metamorphism restricted to a small area?
- Because the body of protruding lava which causes contact metamorphism is relatively small in size
- Because the body of protruding magma causes contact metamorphism is relatively small in size
- Because only certain rocks can be metamorphosed and they are generally found in small quantities
- Because all metamorphoses are restricted to small areas
Collapse and Uncheck the ROCK TYPES folder.
EARTH’S INTERIOR
By interpreting seismic waves from earthquakes, scientists have divided the Earth’s interior into three major sections: core, mantle, and crust.
Click Earth’s Interior and use the illustration to identify the layers in the table below. Select the correct answer from the list provided below.
Layer
Composition
Structure
Depth
Q18
Iron
Liquid
2250 km
Q19
Iron & Nickel
Solid
1220 km
Q20
Iron, Magnesium & Silicon
Solid
2230 km
Q21
Nickel
Viscous
250-425 km
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- Lower Mantle
- Outer core
- Inner core
- Asthenosphere
- Upper mantle
- Lithosphere
Question 22: Explain how the structure of rock changes as you go from the lithosphere through the asthenosphere and upper mantle.
- Solid rock, semi-solid rock, molten rock
- Solid rock, molten rock, semi-solid rock
- Semi-solid rock, molten rock, solid rock
- Molten rock, solid rock, semi-solid rock
Collapse and Uncheck EARTH’S INTERIOR.
VOLCANOES
Volcanoes are divided into three types: cinder cone, composite, (or stratovolcano) and shield. These classifications are based largely on whether the eruption is fluid or explosive in nature.
Expand the VOLCANOES folder. Double-click the Capulin Mountain Tour link to view an animation.
This is Capulin Mountain in New Mexico. It is a cinder cone volcano. Cinder cone volcanoes are the smallest of the three types of volcanoes and are characterized by steep sides.
Double click and check the Folsom, NM box.
Double-click and select Folsom, NM.
Question 23: What is the contour interval of this map?
- 1:24,000
- 20 meters
- 20 feet
- 1929
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Question 24: Based on the contour lines, what is the highest elevation on this volcano?
- 8,000 feet
- 8,128 feet
- 8,182 feet
- 8,218 feet
Question 25: Based on the contour lines, what is the elevation in the center of the crater?
- 7,800 feet
- 7,775 feet
- 8,125 feet
- 7,900 feet
Uncheck Folsom, NM and then check Profile #1.
Right-click Profile #1 and then select Show Elevation Profile.
Question 26: What is the diameter of the volcano in miles?
- 0.75 miles
- 0.39 miles
- 0.93 miles
- 2.1 miles
Question 27: What is the average slope of the profile line?
- 60.8%
- 794 feet
- 39.8%
- 91.2%
Close the Elevation profile window and uncheck Profile #1.
Double click the Mount Baker Tour link to view an animation.
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Double-click and select Mt. Baker, WA.
This is Mt. Baker in Washington State. It is a composite volcano, which grows over the course of several eruptions. They can remain inactive for hundreds of years, but when they do erupt, they tend to be quite explosive.
Question 28: What is the contour interval, in feet, of this map?
- 1:24,000
- 40 meters
- 40 feet
- 1989
Question 29: What is the highest elevation, in feet, on this volcano?
- 10,000 feet
- 10,700 feet
- 10,780 feet
- 10, 870 feet
Uncheck Mt. Baker, WA and then check Profile #2.
Right-click Profile #2 and then select Show Elevation Profile.
Question 30: What is the approximate diameter (in miles) of the volcano?
- 1.5 miles
- 7 miles
- 5.7 miles
- 2.6 miles
Question 31: What is the average slope of the profile line?
- 89%
- 32%
- 92%
- 78%
Close the Elevation profile window and uncheck Profile #2.
Double click the Kilauea Tour link to view an animation.
Double-click and select Kilauea Crater.
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This is the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawai’i. It is a shield volcano, whose eruptions are characterized as being fluid and non-explosive – notice the parking lot near the crater.
Question 32: What is the highest elevation of a benchmark (look for “BM” on map) on this volcano in feet?
- 3,635 feet
- 3,885 feet
- 4,078 feet
- 3,524 feet
Question 33: What is the elevation of the benchmark (denoted by an “X”) in Halema’uma’u Crater?
- 3,421 feet
- 4,231 feet
- 2,431 feet
- 3,412 feet
Uncheck Kilauea Crater and then check Profile #3.
Right-click Profile #3 and then select Show Elevation Profile.
Question 34: What is the approximate diameter of the volcano in miles?
- 24.5 miles
- 16.9 miles
- 32.8 miles
- 18.5 miles
Question 35: What is the average slope of the profile line?
- 63.1%
- 3.3%
- 10.8%
- 2.9%
Collapse and uncheck the VOLCANOES folder.
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ROCK CYCLE
Thus far, we know how each type of rock is formed. This section addresses the rock cycle that examines the processes and conditions in which one rock type is changed into another.
Click ROCK CYCLE and answer the following questions:
Question 36: Which process changes igneous rock to sedimentary rock?
- Cooling that results in crystallization Cooling
- Heating and pressure which leads to melting
- Heating and pressure which leads to recrystallization
- Weathering, erosion and deposition
Question 37: Which process changes sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock?
- Cooling that results in crystallization
- Heating and pressure which leads to melting
- Heating and pressure which leads to recrystallization
- Weathering, erosion and deposition
Question 38: Which process changes igneous rock to metamorphic rock?
- Cooling that results in crystallization
- Heating and pressure which leads to melting
- Heating and pressure which leads to recrystallization
- Weathering, erosion and deposition
Question 39: Which process changes metamorphic rock to sedimentary rock?
- Cooling that results in crystallization
- Heating and pressure which leads to melting
- Heating and pressure which leads to recrystallization
- Weathering, erosion and deposition
Question 40: Which process changes magma to igneous rock?
- Cooling that results in crystallization
- Heating and pressure which leads to melting
- Heating and pressure which leads to recrystallization
- Weathering, erosion and deposition
Uncheck the ROCK CYCLE folder.
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REFERENCES
Gadd, Ben (2008). Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias. http://www.bengadd.com/Downloads/Geology%20of%20the%20Rockies%20and%20Columbias%202008.pdf. [Date Accessed January 11, 2012]
World Coal Association. 2006. http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/coal-electricity/. [Date Accessed January 11, 2012]
Process Changes Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock
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