Psych 463 Sensation and Perception Essay Assignment
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Psych 463 Sensation and Perception Essay Assignment
Dr. Swift
Fifth Assignment (Hearing)
If you are including the questions, and inserting your answers, for clarity, delete my images, and just use yours. Also, if you are typing your answers, please use a different font/color, etc. to set off your answers.
Download the freeware program Praat
Windows: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/download_win.html
Macintosh: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/download_mac.html
Either unzip the zip file or run the self-extracting executable. This produces an executable file that you can just double-click on to run. It does not matter what location that you unzip it to.
Run the program
- Produce a simple tone. Whistle, making sure you are not too close to the microphone, which will cause noise. You should record your own sound. Only if you cannot get access to a computer with a microphone (noting that almost all laptops have a built-in microphone), you can follow the instructions for the formula. In either case indicate the source of the sound. If you used a formula, write down the formula you used.
Record Your own Sound Use Formula Select New, Record Mono Sound Select New, Sound, create sound from formula Click Record, whistle into your microphone, then press Stop In the formula box, enter (0.5*sin(2*pi* f *x)) where instead of f you should put the frequency you want to create. For example, it could be 500 (though please use something other than 500, just to be original). Indicate what value of f you used. The default formula has a noise term: gauss( . . . ). You should delete that term, so that your formula looks like the above. Name the sound something like “Whistle” Name the sound something like 500tone (no spaces) Press OK Highlight the newly created sound and click edit Highlight a small portion of the waveform and select View, zoom to selection Press Alt-PrintScreen to save the window. Paste it into a Word document which should be your assignment. (may need to be Fn-Alt-PrintScreen if you have a laptop)
- What is the source of the sound (recorded whistle or formula)? __________
- Confirm the frequency by counting the number of cycles in your selection and dividing by the time of the selection. Show work.
- Produce a tone sweep, either by recording your own or by using the formula (0.5*sin(2*pi*f*x*x)), where f is the low beginning frequency (maybe 200-500). Make sure that you have specified a long enough recording to hear a nice range of frequencies. This means that you will likely have to change the default setting in the formula dialog for the end time to about 5-7 seconds or so. Also, make sure there is no noise (gauss) term (see above instructions for using the formula). For example:
Note that the Sampling frequency must be quite high, such as the 44200 value seen above. If you get something like this, your sampling is too coarse and you will not get the correct results.
- Indicate the source of your sound. If you used a formula, what value of f did you use?
- Listen to the sound and describe your subjective experience, comparing it to what you see in the sound wave. (Note that if you used a formula, then the amplitude should be constant, but the loudness may not appear constant. Explain).
- Highlight the newly created sound and click edit. Cut and paste this graph. If the sloping blue line near the bottom (the pitch contour) is sort of z-shaped, that means that the pitch range probably needs to be changed. Under Pitch/pitch settings, adjust the high end of the range of the pitch, so that the pitch graph (blue curve) fits appropriately.
- What is the lowest and highest frequency in your sweep? (You should do this by highlighting small portions near the low and high ends of the sweep, and computing the frequency (# of sine waves divided by the corresponding time value at the bottom of the graph). Show work.
- Press Alt-PrintScreen to save the windows for the two additional graphs, and paste them here.
- Produce a complex sound, using the formula
(0.2*( sin(2*pi*200*x)+ sin(2*pi*400*x)+ sin(2*pi*600*x)+ sin(2*pi*800*x)+ sin(2*pi*1000*x)))
Change the numbers, but note that the difference between the numbers (200 in this case) is the fundamental and therefore must equal your smallest f value in the formula. In other words, you should maintain a constant difference and make sure that all higher f values (harmonics) are multiples of the lowest value.
- Indicate what numbers you used in the formula
- Create a separate sound from formula that contains JUST the difference f. Attach a picture of this sound zoomed in showing the individual sine waves. Listen to it and compare it to the complex sound and describe what you hear. Say if you can hear the fundamental in the complex sound, which should have the same pitch as the pure tone sound.
- Compare the complex sound to the pure tone with respect to both timbre and pitch. Do they sound different? Explain.
- Press edit.
- Zoom in on about one or two full cycles of the complex waveform as I have done. Cut and paste this graph into your document.
- Find the frequency of the envelope by dividing 1 by the time of one complete complex cycle. (A complete complex envelope cycle will look like a family of waves in which the amplitudes are smaller and then greater again). For example, in the image above there are about 2 envelopes highlighted, so I would divide 2 by .01004 to get 199.2 Hz, approximately equal to my 200 Hz difference frequency)
- Do the same as you did in #3 above, but now delete the fundamental from the formula, so that you will have 4 components instead of 5. For example, I would have removed sin(2*pi*200*x)+ to get (0.25*( sin(2*pi*400*x)+ sin(2*pi*600*x)+ sin(2*pi*800*x)+ sin(2*pi*1000*x)))
- Zoom in on about one or two full cycles of the complex waveform. Cut and paste this graph into your document, as you did before.
- Compute the frequency of the envelope as you did before. Confirm that it is at least approximately the same value.
- Compare the two sounds—i.e. the complex waveform with and without the missing fundamental—do they sound the same? If they are different, try to describe the difference. Do they both seem to have the same pitch?
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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