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Instructions:
Qualitative or Quantitative Research Discussion Paper
examine the various methodological approaches described for different study designs.
Do you see more qualitative or quantitative approaches used?
Why do you think some psychologists are more comfortable with conducting studies using quantitative data instead of qualitative data?
What would be an advantage to using qualitative data along with quantitative data?
find two peer-reviewed articles (one that has used a quantitative approach and one that has used a qualitative approach.) Summarize these two articles.
What methods of data collection were used in these articles?
What makes these methods quantitative or qualitative in nature
Ahmad et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2022) 22:85 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04304-4
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Working mothers’ breastfeeding experience: a phenomenology qualitative approach Rita Surianee Ahmad1,2, Zaharah Sulaiman1* , Nik Hazlina Nik Hussain1 and Norhayati Mohd Noor3
Abstract Background: Breastfeeding practice is influenced by the mother’s attitude toward and knowledge of breastfeeding. Working mothers face many challenges and need support to maintain breastfeeding. This study aimed to explore working mothers’ breastfeeding experiences and challenges that can influenced their practices.
Methods: The qualitative phenomenological approach involving working mothers in Kota Bharu who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study were recruited using purposive sampling. Sixteen par- ticipants aged 24 to 46 years were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews in the study. All interviews were recorded in digital audio, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Findings: Three main themes emerged from the data analysis: perception of breastfeeding, challenges in breast- feeding, and support for breastfeeding. Two subthemes for perceptions were perception towards breastfeeding and towards infant formula. Challenges had two subthemes too which were related to perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding difficulty. Where else, two subthemes for support were internal support (spouse and family) and exter- nal support (friends, employer, and healthcare staff ).
Conclusions: Maintaining breastfeeding after return to work is challenging for working mothers and majority of them need support to continue breastfeeding practice. Support from their spouses and families’ influences working mothers’ decision to breastfeed. Employers play a role in providing a support system and facilities in the workplace for mothers to express and store breast milk. Both internal and external support are essential for mothers to overcome challenges in order to achieve success in breastfeeding.
Keywords: Breastfeeding, Working mothers, Perceptions, Challenges, Support
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Background According to the latest available national data, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months in Malay- sia was 47.1%, with Malay ethnic contributing the high- est percentage. Similarly, married status and housewives were more commonly able to breastfeed exclusively. In contrast, women with higher education and higher household incomes categories less commonly able to
breastfeed exclusively [1]. This research took place among the Malays who are the largest ethnic population. In Malaysia, full time working mothers are entitled for a three-month maternity leave. However, for contract or part-time workers their maternity leaves are subjected to the employers’ jurisdiction.
Breastfeeding is beneficial to babies’ health. It con- tributes to newborns’ physical and mental growth and is a natural contraceptive that helps mothers in birth spacing [2]. Early initiation of breastfeeding that is, within the first hour after birth [3, 4] increased breastfeeding success and was found to help in speed- ing up uterine involution, which reduced the risk of
Open Access
*Correspondence: zaharah@usm.my 1 Women’s Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
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Page 2 of 8Ahmad et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2022) 22:85
postpartum bleeding [5]. Colostrum produced soon after birth creates the first antibodies for the baby [6].
Research has shown that working mothers’ positive attitudes toward breastfeeding were associated with a longer breastfeeding period where the mothers tended to breastfeed exclusively [6–9] and had a higher chance of success in breastfeeding. Positive attitudes toward breastfeeding were favorable to the infant’s health [2, 7] and storing expressed milk to be given to the babies when the mothers started working reduced family expenses [7].
Mothers who chose not to continue exclusive breast- feeding before the infant reached 6 months, were deemed to have negative attitudes toward breastfeed- ing. Their reasons included feeling too shy to breast- feed, especially in public [8], thinking their milk was insufficient, finding breastfeeding difficult and incon- venient, and failing to breastfeed after trying [9]. Some mothers were worried about their weight gain and needed to adopt a certain diet plan to lose weight.
Other mothers cited being busy and occupied with household chores as reasons for not breastfeeding [9]. Therefore, in many cases, mother’s attitudes toward breastfeeding were highly dependent on their knowl- edge of and experience in breastfeeding. Previous studies have shown that the infants of working moth- ers with a good knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding received only breast milk without any supplements in the first 6 months [7, 10].
Negative attitudes toward breastfeeding existed because the mothers faced many challenges which was obviously noticed when they had to returned to work, such as a lack of support in their workplace; thus, less than 50% were able to exclusively breastfeed once they returned to work [9, 11, 12]. The literature has shown that the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is influ- enced by the mother’s attitude toward and knowledge of breastfeeding, as well as other challenges associated with the mother. This qualitative study was conducted to explore breastfeeding issues related to challengers
and support among working mothers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
Methods Research design The qualitative phenomenological approach was used to explore working mothers’ breastfeeding experiences. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used because they were appropriate for discussing breastfeeding expe- riences, which encompassed issues related to employ- ment that were deemed challenging by the working mothers. Working mother included in this study were self-employed as well as salaried job.
Research location and participants The research participants were recruited from Raja Perem- puan Zainab II Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital and government and private offices in the district of Kota Bharu. The inclusion criteria were perinatal working moth- ers (employed), including those who had or will have the first experience of breastfeeding who either currently pregnant, had a child, or had an infant less than 6 months’ old (Table 1). Research participants were purposely selected.
Data derived from the interviews were used to gener- ate codes, which later contributed to the generation of themes and subthemes. According to Creswell [13], five to 25 research participants should be purposely recruited in a study until data saturation is achieved. However, Cheng et al. [14] suggested adding three or four research participants to ensure data saturation with maximum variation. We reached saturation after 12 participants were interviewed but only stopped recruitment at 16 participants. Health care providers helped to select and introduce the participants based on study inclusion cri- teria before the researcher approached the participants.
Data collection and analysis Interview guidelines were prepared based on the information obtained from the literature review. The Researcher invited two working mother to participate
Table 1 Participants’ recruitment locations
Sampling location No of participant (n = 16)
RUBRIC |
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Excellent Quality 95-100%
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Introduction
45-41 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Literature Support 91-84 points The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned. |
Methodology 58-53 points Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met. |
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Average Score 50-85% |
40-38 points More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided. |
83-76 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration. |
52-49 points Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met. |
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Poor Quality 0-45% |
37-1 points The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided. |
75-1 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration. |
48-1 points There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met |
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Qualitative or Quantitative Research Discussion Paper |
Qualitative or Quantitative Research Discussion Paper