Tropical Cyclone Climatology Research Essay
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Tropical Cyclone Climatology Research Essay
Writing Assignment #1: Hurricanes!
35 points
Hurricanes have been making headlines, with each event seemingly more destructive than the last. In the United States, hurricanes Katrina (New Orleans 2005, 1833 fatalities), Sandy (New York/New Jersey 2012, $75 billion in damages, 233 fatalities), Harvey (Houston, 2017) and Irma (Florida, 2017) immediately come to mind. Elsewhere, Super Typhoon Yolanda killed 6340 in the Philippines and the eastern Pacific in 2013, and Hurricane Patricia, which made landfall in southern Mexico in 2015, stands as strongest hurricane ever recorded in the western hemisphere.
In your essay you will describe what a hurricane is, make connections between hurricane formation and concepts learned in class, and speculate as to the future of hurricanes, including whether California may someday be at risk.
The goals of this writing assignment are to:
1) Apply concepts learned in the first four lab sessions
2) Interpret and explain current scientific data
3) Practice writing in the style of a formal scientific paper
4) Learn about hurricanes
Sources:
Limit yourself to the course textbook, the lab documents, the last two pages of this document, and the following websites from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as you complete this assignment:
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/
Focus on the information provided in the “Tropical Cyclone Climatology” section, though you are welcome to browse the rest of the website, including the “Educational Resources” tab.
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropics/tropics_intro.html
The first five pages of this tutorial provide an overview of hurricane formation (especially pages 1, 3, and 4)
In your essay, you need to use the data provided in your sources to address the following questions:
What is a Hurricane?
What is a hurricane? When and where do they occur? Which regions of the U.S. are most prone to hurricanes? Briefly explain how air pressure, rainfall, and storm surge are part of discussions related to hurricanes.
Hurricanes and Solar Insolation
Expand on the relationship between hurricanes and solar insolation. Where on the planet do hurricanes originate and why? What causes hurricanes to “die out”? In addition to your other sources, you should refer Figure #1 on page 3, and the map in the “Overview” section of the “Tropical Cyclone Climatology” website.
EXTRA CREDIT (+3 points): Include a short paragraph explaining why the northern half of South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru) is NOT prone to hurricanes (**You may use outside sources to answer this question**).
Hurricanes, California, and El Nino
Tropical Cyclone Climatology Research Essay
Since 1900, there is only one known incidence of a tropical cyclone making landfall in California, in Long Beach in 1939. A foot of rain fell on the region, and 93 deaths were attributed to the storm. There has been speculation that
climate change could result in a greater frequency and intensity of hurricanes. Based on your understanding of hurricanes, what conditions would need to exist for California to be at risk of a hurricane making landfall? Examine
Figures #1 – #8 on the following pages. Does the data show evidence that El Nino might play a role in hurricane formation? Does the data support or refute the idea that California is becoming more likely to be at risk of hurricanes in the next 50 years? Or, you may choose to explain why the data provided is inclusive. Draw your conclusion based on the data provided in Figures #1 through #8.
CITATION & PLAGIARISM: Use only the sources provided. A bibliography/works cited is not required for this paper. HOWEVER, please note that all other elements of this paper will be your own, original work. All university policies regarding plagiarism and academic honesty apply.
Writing Guide
Formatting Requirements:
- 12 pt font (Times, Times Roman, Calibri or similar)
- double space
- 1” margins
- 2-page limit
- A creative title (NOT “Writing Assignment #1”)
Introduction
1.) Specifically state the purpose of the paper. Focus on the essay’s content.
2.) Briefly state what will be discussed in each of the body paragraphs. Each of these statements should be one sentence, and should simply introduce the concepts.
3.) Describe the type of data/information you are working with. Describe the nature of that information. For example: “Voter election data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau will be analyzed”
4.) Tip: Do not reporting any findings here. In other words, don’t give away the ending! Save this for your conclusion.
Body Paragraphs
Use the subheadings provided for each of the three sections. You should have 1 – 2 paragraphs per section. Focus on the data. You will be making general qualitative statements about hurricanes, connections between hurricane formation and solar insolation, and hurricane trends.
1) Keep the paper formal. Do not use “I”.
NO: “I analyzed the data. . .”
YES: “The data was analyzed. . .”
NO: “It is clear from looking at the map that . . .”
YES: “The map shows that . . .”
2) Keep it simple. Limit yourself to the information provided in the textbook the two websites, your labs, and this document.
3) Provide specific examples to support your statements.
Conclusion:
In a single paragraph, this section should serve as a review of the critical take away messages from each of the main body paragraphs and the essay in general. Do not repeat earlier statements. If you repeat earlier statements, you are not summarizing. Most of the supporting evidence for this section has already been stated in the body paragraphs.
Writing Assignment #1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Introduction The introduction is engaging, states the main goal of the paper and previews the general structure of the content to be presented, including the type of data that will be analyzed. What is a Hurricane? A complete, accurate discussion of hurricanes is presented Hurricanes and Insolation Data is used to draw a clear link between hurricane formation and solar insolation. Hurricanes, California, and El Nino A clear discussion about the future of hurricanes. A conclusion is drawn based on the data provided. Conclusion A summary of the paper is presented. Format Grammar Rough Draft Two hard copies of a solid first draft of the assignment are present in class on Friday, October 6. TOTAL (32 points) Figure #1 Tropical Cyclone Tracks, 1851 – 2007 (Source: AccuWeather, Inc)
Figure #2: Timeline of El Nino events between 1900 and 2016 (Sources: Australian Bureau of Meteorology, United States Climate Prediction Center)
Figure #3: Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly, July 2015 (Source: NOAA)
Figure #4 and #5: Global Air Circulation in Neutral Conditions and in El Nino Conditions (Source: NOAA)
Figure #6 Number of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes by Year in the Eastern Pacific, 1970 – 2015 (Source: NOAA)
Figure # 7: Atlantic Basin Storm Count, 1850 – 2016 (Source: NOAA)
Figure #8 Projected increase in ocean temperatures (°C), 1956 – 2005 compared to 2050 – 2099
(Source: NOAA)
Tropical Cyclone Climatology Research Essay
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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