What is Artificial Intelligence Assignment
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What is Artificial Intelligence Assignment
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According to a report published in 2016 by consulting firm Accenture, artificial intelligence could double annual economic growth rate by 2035. The study was modeled on 12 developed economies, including the United States. So what is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human thought behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. AI technologies apply computers to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities. To achieve these capabilities, computers must be able to do the following:
Understand common sense (see the information box Computers Understanding Common Sense).
Understand facts and manipulate qualitative data.
Deal with exceptions and discontinuity.
Understand relationships between facts.
Interact with humans in their own language.
Deal with new situations based on previous learning.
Computers Understanding Common Sense
Humans take common sense for granted. For example, we know that fish are found in the ocean, trees and bushes are found in the woods, and people eat food. And we know that when you drop a ball, it will fall. To computers, understanding such simple things is a challenge, but this is changing.
At Carnegie Mellon University, a computer called Never Ending Image Learner runs 24 hours a day and goes through the Web finding and analyzing images in order to build a visual database that can recognize associations among these images. There are billions of images of various types on the Web; Facebook alone contains more than 200 billion images.
Since it was begun in July 2013, Never Ending Image Learner has analyzed more than 3 million images and identified 1,500 types of objects in half a million images and 1,200 types of scenes. As a result, the computer has learned 2,500 associations by connecting the dots. For example, it knows that buildings are vertical instead of lying on their sides and that most automobiles have four wheels. As the number of analyzed images grows, the computer will learn more and will increase the number of associations. The interesting aspect of this project is that researchers are enabling a computer to teach itself common sense without any human intervention.
Information systems are concerned with capturing, storing, retrieving, and working with data, but AI technologies are concerned with generating and displaying knowledge and facts. In the information systems field, as you have learned, programmers and systems analysts design systems that help decision makers by providing timely, relevant, accurate, and integrated information. In the AI field, knowledge engineers try to discover rules of thumb that enable computers to perform tasks usually handled by humans. Rules used in the AI field come from a diverse group of experts in areas such as mathematics, psychology, economics, anthropology, medicine, engineering, and physics. AI encompasses several related technologies discussed in this chapter, including robotics, expert systems, fuzzy logic systems, intelligent agents, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and natural-language processing.
Information systems are concerned with capturing, storing, retrieving, and working with data, but AI technologies are concerned with generating and displaying knowledge and facts.
Although these applications and technologies may not offer true human intelligence, they are certainly more intelligent than traditional information systems. Over the years, the capabilities of these systems have improved in an attempt to close the gap between artificial intelligence and human intelligence. The following section discusses possibilities for using AI technologies in decision-making processes.
AI Technologies Supporting Decision Making
As you know, information technologies are used to support many phases of decision making. The most recent developments in AI technologies promise new areas of decision-making support. Table 13.1 lists some applications of AI-related technologies in various organizations.
Table 13.1
Applications of AI TechnologiesFields
Organizations
Applications
Energy
Arco and Tenneco Oil Company
Neural networks used to help pinpoint oil and gas deposits
Government
Internal Revenue Service
Software used to read tax returns and spot fraud
Human services
Merced County, California
Expert systems used to decide if applicants should receive welfare benefits
Marketing
Spiegel
Neural networks used to determine most likely buyers from a long list
Telecommunications
BT Group
Heuristic search used for a scheduling application that provides work schedules for more than 20,000 engineers
Transportation
American Airlines
Expert systems used to schedule the routine maintenance of airplanes
Inventory/forecasting
Hyundai Motors
Neural networks and expert systems used to reduce delivery time by 20 percent and increase inventory turnover from 3 to 3.4
Inventory/forecasting
SCI Systems
Neural networks and expert systems used to reduce on-hand inventory by 15 percent, resulting in $180 million in annual savings
Inventory/forecasting
Reynolds Aluminum
Neural networks and expert systems used to reduce forecasting errors by 2 percent, resulting in an inventory reduction of 1 million pounds
Inventory/forecasting
Unilever
Neural networks and expert systems used to reduce forecasting errors from 40 percent to 25 percent, resulting in a multimillion-dollar savings
Decision makers use information technologies in the following types of decision-making analyses:
What-isThis analysis is commonly used in transaction-processing systems and management information systems. For example, if you enter a customer account number, the system displays the customers current balance. However, these systems lack the capability to report real-time information or predict what could happen in the future. For example, reports generated by accounting information systems that show performance over the preceding fiscal quarter consist of past events, so decision makers cannot do much with this information.
What-ifThis analysis is used in decision support systems. Decision makers use it to monitor the effect of a change in one or more variables. It is available in spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel.
In addition to these types of analysis, decision makers often need to answer the following questions about information: Why? What does it mean? What should be done? When should it be done? AI technologies have the potential to help decision makers address these questions.
Robotics
Robots are one of the most successful applications of AI. You are probably familiar with robots used in factories or ones you have seen on the news. They are far from being intelligent, but progress has been steady. They perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs. Robots are currently used mainly on assembly lines in Japan and the United States as part of computer-integrated manufacturing, but they are also used in the military, aerospace, and medical industries as well as for performing such services as delivering mail to employees.
The cost of industrial robots ranges from $100,000 to $250,000 or more. Typically, their mobility is limited. For example, they might have only a fixed arm that moves objects from one point to another. Some robots have limited vision that is useful for locating and picking up objects, as long as the objects are isolated from other objects. A robots operation is controlled by a computer program that includes commands such as when and how far to reach, which direction to go or turn, when to grasp an object, and how much pressure to apply. Programming languages for controlling robots include Variable Assembly Language (VAL), Functional Robotics (FROB), and A Manufacturing Language (AML). These languages are usually proprietary, meaning they are specific to individual robot manufacturers.
One of the most advanced and most popular robots is Hondas Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) (http://world.honda.com/ASIMO). Hondas intelligence technologies enable ASIMO to coordinate with other robots. It recognizes moving objects, sound, gestures, multiple environments, faces, and postures. ASIMO is also able to choose between stepping back and yielding the right-of-way or continuing to move forward based on the predicted movement of oncoming people. It is able to automatically recharge its battery when the charge falls below a certain level.
Personal robots have attracted a lot of attention recently. These robots have limited mobility, limited vision, and some speech capabilities. Currently, they are used mostly as prototypes to test such services as helping the elderly, bringing breakfast to the table, cooking, opening doors, and carrying trays and drinks. Examples include Twendy-One, Motoman, ApriAttenda Robot, and PR2. One of the most successful and advanced personal robots on the market today, PR2 performs many ordinary tasks around the home and office.
Robots offer the following advantages over humans in the workplace:
They do not fall in love with coworkers, get insulted, or call in sick.
They are consistent.
They can be used in environments that are hazardous to humans, such as working with radioactive materials.
They do not spy for competitors, ask for a raise, or lobby for longer breaks.
Robots are able to partially or completely take over the following nine jobs in addition to those that have already taken over in manufacturing and other fields: telemarketer, loan officer, credit analyst, cashier, line cook, paralegal, accountant, roofer, and bus driver.
Another type of robot gaining in popularity is a soft robot. Soft robots are not made of hard physical materials like conventional robots; they are made of elastomer, a material similar to rubber. They are soft, simpler to make and less expensive than conventional robots. They are being used for a number of applications such as:
High-speed food handling
Precise pick and place
Adaptive grasping
Warehouse logistics
Advanced assembly
Medical field
Recently, some interesting robots have been introduced that go beyond the capabilities of traditional robots. Here are three examples:
A palm-size toy robot named Cozmo recognizes faces, plays games, and expresses a range of emotions. When it recognizes a new person, Cozmo is social and polite. When it is ignored, it gets unhappy or plays on its own. It gets frustrated when it loses a game and celebrates when it wins one.
DoNotPay, designed by 19-year-old Stanford University student Joshua Browder, serves as a lawyer and has already successfully contested over 160,000 parking tickets in London and New York. Just like a human lawyer, it asks questions and provides answers. It is free to use and has so far saved its users more than $4 million in less than two years.
Scientists at the University of Warsaw have designed a tiny robot that moves like a caterpillar, powered by light. This soft robot can walk, climb, and push objects that are 10 times its own mass.
Robots can also work in a cloud environment where they can tap into additional resources that do not have in their own capabilities such as greater memory, computational power, and collective learning.
Developments in AI-related fields, such as expert systems and natural-language processing, will affect the future development of the robotics industry. For example, natural-language processing will make it easier to communicate with robots in human languages. The information box Medical Robotics in Action highlights an application of robotics in the medical field.
Medical Robotics in Action
Robots have been used in the medical field for two decades. They have been used to train medical personnel (doctors, dentists, and nurses), they have assisted elderly patients during rehabilitation, and they have allowed surgeons to make smaller incisions for certain types of surgery. In addition, they have been used during the training process as dummies to mimic a live patients feelings of pain.
At 5 feet, 4 inches, and 140 pounds, the RP-VITA (Remote Presence Virtual + Independent Telemedicine Assistant) by iRobot Corporation is the first robot to receive FDA clearance for use in hospitals.
To make the robot resemble humans as closely as possible, it has a video screen for a head, a microphone and speaker for a mouth, and two high-definition cameras for eyes. One of its functions is to assist doctors in making hospital rounds remotely. Controllable by a tablet computer using a wired or wireless network, it is able to move around and is intelligent enough to avoid obstacles.
Source: iRobot Corporation
RP-VITA does not offer medical advice, nor does it treat patients. Instead, it is used by doctors and nurses to communicate with their patients. It can also be used with InTouch Healths cloud service to provide doctors and nurses with real-time electronic medical record information. The robot is also able to connect with diagnostic devices such as otoscopes for examining the inside of the ears; it can also perform an ultrasound.
What is Artificial Intelligence Assignment
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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What is Artificial Intelligence Assignment