Ratio Between the Beneficial Dose and Toxic Dose
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Ratio Between the Beneficial Dose and Toxic Dose
How do toxicologists determine which exposures may harm? Toxicologists conduct basic research, using both whole animals and in vitro methods, to learn how various chemicals and dosages interact with living systems. Basic research is necessary to understand mechanisms that maintain living organisms and to determine baselines for physiological processes. For many chemicals that enhance the quality of our lives, the mechanism that produces the beneficial effect is the same mechanism that makes the chemical toxic. For example, aspirin reduces pain and fever by reducing the activity of enzymes in the body that normally increase production of compounds associated with pain and distress. However, acute toxicity can occur when the aspirin dose is so high that inhibition of similar enzymes in the heart interferes with normal function. Animal studies help determine the ratio between the beneficial dose and the toxic dose of medications.
Toxicologists determine which levels of a substance cause harm by conducting safety studies which progress from the test tube to animal studies and, in some cases, to human trials. Safety testing is needed to identify the crossover points between no impact, beneficial effects and harmful effects. For example, alcohol, when ingested, is taken directly into the bloodstream and blood levels rise in direct proportion to consumption. Many people enjoy the feeling produced by one alcoholic beverage and may consider that a beneficial effect. However, one drink, such as 12 ounces of beer, will impact motor skills and judgment. Two such drinks in a short interval result in a blood alcohol content of .08% in a 120-pound woman. Persons with levels above 0.08% ethanol in the bloodstream are considered too impaired to drive an automobile in many states. Further increases (above 0.4%) can lead to loss of consciousness and death.
Vitamins also illustrate the variation in effect depending upon the dose. Vitamins are essential elements that are not manufactured by the body and must be furnished from the outside, typically in the diet. In general, either vitamin deficiency or vitamins in excess can affect health and even cause birth defects. Birth defects such as spinal bifida are less likely to occur if the mother has a daily vitamin A intake of 5000 IU in advance of the pregnancy. However, women using one prescription treatment for acne that involves high doses (50,000 IU) of a form of this vitamin (isotretinoin) must take precautions to avoid pregnancy due to the risk of birth defects.
Safety evaluations establish a margin of safety to compensate for differences in response among individuals. For example, women in general are affected more by the same dose of alcohol than men are, not only because of smaller body size but also because alcohol is processed at different rates by men and women. Persons of differing ethnic heritages also metabolize ethanol at different rates.
Toxicologists use in vitro methods and animal models that have been accepted by the scientific community and recognized by regulatory bodies so that people who use and are exposed to a variety of chemicals can enjoy the benefits with a minimum of risk. Similarly, use of accepted tests protects other organisms, including pets and farm animals, as well as the environment.
Ratio Between the Beneficial Dose and Toxic Dose
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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