Stage-Ascent Approaches to Mountaineering
Order ID:89JHGSJE83839 Style:APA/MLA/Harvard/Chicago Pages:5-10 Instructions:
Stage-Ascent Approaches to Mountaineering
Answer the three questions below and then respond to the 5 responses below.
Due July 28, 2019 SUNDAY
Question 1. For their assault on Mr. Everest, elite mountaineers spend 3 mo at camp at 4877 m (16,600ft), 5944 m (19,500ft), 6492 m (21,300 ft), 7315 m (24,000 ft), and 7925 m (26,000 ft) before the final ascent. Explain the physiologic rationale for this “stage-ascent” approach to mountaineering. (100 words)
Question 2. Give your opinion (and rationale) about what effects a 2-wk exposure to 3000m (9842ft) would have on maximal exercise performance of 60 second duration. (100 words)
Question 3. After reading this week’s featured article, discuss what athlete’s/sports can most benefit from “Live High / Train Low” and the physiologic benefits that help enhance performance. (Link below) (100 words)
http://www.utswmedicine.org/stories/articles/year-2016/high-altitude-training.html
(100-150 WORDS FOR EACH RESPONSE)
Response 1: Josh Young
When I was in high school, I tore my ACL playing basketball. Since then, I have been interested in ACL injuries and rehab techniques,
so this article really hit home with me. What interested me the most was how the loads on the ACL, and PCL too, could be
measured. I was shocked to learn that in healthy adults, the native ACL could handle roughly 2000 N of force (Escamilla, MacLeod,
Wilk, Paulos, & Andrews, 2012). That comes out to roughly 450 pounds! That is a lot of force that the ACL can handle. It makes
sense though that the ACL would need to withstand that amount of force because of the importance of knee stabilization in daily
activities. Another thing that I found interesting was where in the knee’s range of motion the ACL and PCL were loaded the most.
The ACL is loaded the most at knee angles less than 30 degrees and the least at angles between 50 and 100 degrees (Escamilla et
al., 2012). In other words, the ACL is loaded most near full knee extension, with the load decreasing as the knee is flexed. The PCL
is just the opposite. It is loaded more when the knee is flexed and less as the knee is extended. The way these two ligaments work
together is amazing. As one ligament is loaded, the other is unloaded. Lastly, I thought the discussion about the rehab exercises
was particularly interesting. It was found that, in general, weight bearing exercises (WBEs) produced a smaller load on the ACL and
PCL compared to non-weight bearing exercises (NWBEs) (Escamilla et al., 2012). I thought back to when I was rehabbing my knee.
My therapist had me performing WBEs and NWBEs. At the time, I didn’t notice a difference, but looking back, I remember preferring
the WBEs over the NWBEs. The NWBEs, specifically the seated knee extension and the prone hamstring, did seem to aggravate my
knees more than the WBEs did. Before reading this article, I was not a fan of the seated leg extension machine. I felt like it put too
much stress on the knees, and that the benefits did not outweigh the risks of long-term damage to the knees. Instead, I would opt
for closed chain, WBE to strengthen the quads, like squats or lunges. The article even says that the seated leg extension machine
puts significantly greater stress on the ACL than WBEs (Escamilla et al., 2012), which, after reading the rest of the article, does not
surprise me. Plus, I like to have my feet, and patients’ feet too, on the ground when strengthening the legs. That is more functional
and can be transferred across any activity or sport.
Response 2: Delania Adams
After reading the article, “Biomechanics of the Ageing Foot and Ankle: A Mini-Review” I found some of the information to be very
informative as well as interesting. Some risk factors for foot pain result in increased age, female sex, obesity, chronic conditions,
osteoarthritis and diabetes, and inappropriate footwear (Menz, 2014). One thing I can say that I’ve had experience with is the
correlation between inappropriate shoes contributing to ageing foot and ankle. It is imperative to wear the proper footwear, as it can
lead to other things such as poor posture, hip, and knee replacements. One thing that I was not familiar with was age-related
changes in the skin. The plantar skin has several unique features which relate to the biomechanical demands of weight bearing
(Menz, 2014). The dermis is 3mm thick, and is penetrated by adipose tissue which provides resilience to shear stress (Menz, 2014).
Hyperkeratosis is a continuing issue in elderly people, this is caused by flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction (Menz, 2014).
Another thing that caught my eye pertaining to age-related changes in range of motion pertaining to changes In the body. Joint
changes can included, reduction in the water content of the cartilage, the synovial fluid volume and the proteoglycans (Menz, 2014).
Collagen fibers within the cartilage causes cross-linking process that results in increased stiffness, changes can contribute to a
reduced range of motion in lower extremity joints in most elderly people (Menz, 2014). I also learned from this article the correlation
between age-related changes in foot posture and dynamic foot function. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot plays an important
role in shock and begins to generate sufficient power for propulsion when walking (Menz, 2014). It is extremely important for elderly
people to wear the correct shoes as their posture begins to cause more pressure on their body with a combination of gravity
contributing to the weight bearing burden. After reading this article I have learned a lot of great things that I can now tell my
patients who are now experiencing trouble with foot and ankle issues. This article will allow me to come up with better
rehabilitation solutions for my patients.
Response 3: Kendra Clamors
I have never really had a problem when it came to my knees when playing soccer through out high school and college. I always
heard about women tearing their ACL’s, MCL’s, and PCL’s, hoping that it would never happen to me. With working at the physical
therapy clinic that I do, we don’t see many people coming through with those kinds of tears for some reason. Cruciate ligament
injuries are common and may lead to dysfunction if not rehabilitated. Understanding how to progress anterior cruciate ligament and
posterior cruciate ligament loading, early after injury or reconstruction, helps clinicians prescribe rehabilitation exercises in a safe
manner to enhance recovery. Commonly prescribed therapeutic exercises include both weight-bearing exercise and non-weight-
bearing exercise (Escamilla et al., 2012). What was interesting to me in this article is when they talked about the in vivo and experimental biomechanical models used to evaluate ACL strains or tensile force during weight-bearing exercises and non-weight-
bearing exercises. The obvious advantage of in vivo studies is that they calculate ACL strain directly by using strain sensors within
the ACL. There are several limitations to measuring ACL strain in vivo, such as, the procedure is invasive, time consuming, costly,
performed in a patient population under surgical conditions, and that the types of activities are limited (Escamilla et al., 2012). The
advantage of using experimental models is that the estimated loads are better generalized to the active athletic population because
variables are often better controlled. The obvious limitation of experimental biomechanical knee models is that they do not
measure ACL loading directly, but only estimate its value (Escamilla et al., 2012). Early after injury or reconstruction of the cruciate
ligament the clinician should prescribe WBE rather than NWBE, and progress to NWBE as tolerated and to facilitate isolated muscle
functional groups – such as the quadriceps (Escamilla et al., 2012). The findings of this article were kind of expected. The ACL is
loaded less at higher knee angles (i.e. 50–100). Squatting and lunging with a more forward trunk tilt and moving the resistance pad
proximally on the leg during the seated knee extension unloads the ACL. The PCL is less loaded at lower knee angles (i.e. 0–50)
and may be progressed from level ground walking to a one-leg squat, lunges, wall squat, leg press, and the two-leg squat (Escamilla
et al., 2012).
Response 4: Chad Rawdon
When we are born we learn to control our bodies from head to toe and as we age we typically start having less control from our starting with our lower extremities. As Menz shares, foot pain affects approximately one in four older people and is associated with a decreased ability to undertake the activities of daily living, problems with balance and gait and poorer health-related quality of life. (Menz, 2014). These are issues which need addressed since we are living longer lives, the need for pain free mobility after retirement is becoming more and more important. Everything in our body eventually “wears out”, so the changes in the skin and the tissues were not that surprising to me. What I did find interesting was that ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and subtalar joint inversion-eversion range of motion are 12–30% lower in older people and older people were found to have 32% less dorsiflexion range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint than younger people. (Menz, 2014) With these numbers I would like to know a little more of the background of the individuals taking part in the studies, did they work jobs that were on their feet often, were they up and down on their hands and knees and standing all day or were they in more sedentary activities. My mother had to have surgery on her feet after her retirement from teaching for 35 years. Early in her career she would dress professionally, dress clothes and dress shoes, later in her career she started to wear tennis shoes and really helped her alleviate the pain in her feet from the poor support of dress shoes. She has always been active and quit playing soccer in her 50’s but kept lifting, running/walking, and swimming to this day and after her surgery has been pain free for the most part as long as she doesn’t overdo it at her back to back body pump and boot camp classes. Judging from my mother and others that I have known through the years I would say that as long as you are active and keep using your lower limbs for challenging activities you can stay in the 75% who don’t have foot pain. I have said it before the body is an efficient machine, it will keep running strong if you take care of it and don’t let it sit for too long.
Response 5: Thomas Ellis
The second article I thought was really interesting and something I could relate to. My dad is going to be 61 this year and has had
ankle issues for the longest time, ever since I was in high school and it has progressively gotten worse over the past few years.
Genetics has made his ankles along with other men in his family very weak ankles. His ankle joint sits sort of off on his foot. What I
mean is that he is basically severely pronated and walks with a sort of duck walk. As Menz (2014) mentions, as ankles get older, the
ability to do activities of daily living, balance and walk can decrease. I thought it was interesting that Menz (2014) talked about the
tissues of the bottom of the foot. I know from a previous biomechanics class that the hardest bone in the body is the calcaneous or
our heel. There is also a lot of force dissipated across the foot whenever we do walk everyday. Menz (2014) mentions that some of
the pain that comes in the aging ankle is the first layer of tissue, that normally absorbs the impact when walking, deteriorating over
time and then falls into the deeper tissues to absorb. I have also had a client that has come to me with ankle issues. I notice when
she tries to squat that her knees crash but she also has a very limited range of motion. The biggest thing I always ask her is does
her ankle hurt when she tries to squat and she says yes. Well I tried to see where ankle mobility was and her plantarflexion and
dorsiflexion was not very good. She said she had some pain in her everyday life just walking around so this article I found expanded
my knowledge about the topic. After reading about the different ways to redistribute pressure around the foot I think that insoles
would be best for any aging individual that experiences ankle pain. Menz (2014) talks about making sure the pressure distributes to
the medial arch and I think that is where some insoles can come into play because they can adjust the arch in a persons foot. Some
people have low arches and others no arch so making an arch for them could help to reduce the ankle pain they experience.
Stage-Ascent Approaches to Mountaineering
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality
95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support
91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology
58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score
50-85%
40-38 points
More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points
Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality
0-45%
37-1 points
The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points
Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points
There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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