Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay
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Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay
Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay solution
As you read, look for the places where you start a new topic. As you know, this is where you begin a new paragraph.
Then, put a note in the margin about what that paragraph is about, just a word or phrase. This will help you connect your
ideas or see where perhaps they aren’t connected. > > 2. So, I think you are saying that the subconscious mind is keeping
you from choosing a dream to focus on. If the beliefs in your subconscious mind are negative or in conflict with our
dreams, they can hold you back or create fear. Later on, you mention that school is where you feel excited. You might
explain that school is your present “vision” or dream.
It will lead you toward a vision for your career. School exposes you to the different careers within your field of study. At
some point, your inner guidance will make it clear about your career path. > > 3.”Everybody will eventually die someday
and all the hard work we have done in life will disappear…” This is an idea that needs to be connected to something.
There may be a connection in your mind, but it’s not clear to the reader. Or maybe, you don’t need it, or maybe it will fit
better somewhere else. > > 4. Towards the end, you mention how hard life can be.
Again, think of guiding the reader to see how this idea ties into the others. You might connect it to the sentence I quoted
above – you seem to be saying something about how hard life is & then we die… Then, you could contrast this idea with
your concluding thoughts about karma. You might explore the idea that life is hard, but we may live by the idea of karma
– what goes around comes around. If we live well with kindness (or whatever quality you think is most important), these
are the qualities that make life meaningful no matter what a person chooses to do for a career, right? This idea may be
your main idea & it could be your introduction. Play around with it. Sometimes cutting the paragraphs from paper allows
you to shift them around & then, read it & hear how it sounds. I trust these comments are helpful.
Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay solution
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CHAPTER 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment
The Properties of Water__________________________________________________ VOCAB/TERMS:
solution –
solute-
solvent-
hydration shell-
hydrophyllic-
hydrophobic-
READ: Skim Overview, carefully read Section 3.1, and Section 3.2 all subsections
1.
With the use of a diagram or diagrams, explain why water molecules are: a. polar (See figure 3.2) The oxygen atom pulls the electrons it shares with the 2 hydrogen atoms so that these “shared’ electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom. This results in the oxygen atom having a partial negative charge and each hydrogen atom having a partial positive charge = a polar molecule. b. capable of hydrogen bonding with 4 neighboring water molecules (See figure 3.2)As a result of each water molecule being polar, one water molecule can hydrogen bond to up to 4 other water molecules. The partial positive charges on each of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule hydrogen bond to one of the partial negative charges on another water molecules oxygen atom. The partial negative charges of the oxygen atom in the water molecule also hydrogen bond to the hydrogen atoms of two other water molecules.
2.
List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding. -Cohesion
-Moderation of temperature
-Solid phase is less dense than liquid phase = ice floats and insulates liquid water below
-Solvent of life
3.
Define cohesion and adhesion. Explain how water’s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a tree. Cohesion- Hydrogen bonding among water molecules hold a substance together.
Water moves from the soil at the bottom of a tree into the roots and up the trunk to the very top of the tree where it evaporates at surface of the leaves. As water evaporates from the leaf, hydrogen bonds cause water leaving the leaf to tug on water molecules farther down and the upward pull is transmitted through the water-conducting vessels of the tree all the way down to the roots of the tree. So as one water molecule evaporates from the leaf surface, the chain of hydrogen bonded water molecules is pulled up the trunk of the tree from the roots against gravity.
Adhesion- clinging of one substance to another substance or surface.
Also, each water molecule in the hydrogen bonded chain of water molecules adheres to the inner wall of the water conducting vessels of the tree, countering the downward pull of gravity
4A.
4B.
4C.
Which of the following substances would have the highest specific heat? WHY? -Ethyl Alcohol
-Water
-Iron
-Calcium
WATER = To increase water’s kinetic energy (motion) more heat is required to accomplish this than is required to increase the kinetic energy of a similar amount of alcohol. This is due to the fact that hydrogen bonding among water molecules is occurring in liquid water to a much greater extent than in liquid alcohol. More heat is required to break the many hydrogen bonds among water molecules and therefore water has a higher specific heat than alcohol.
WHY DO WE CARE? = The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations in large bodies of water. Remember, many aquatic organisms can not withstand temperature fluctuations of more than a few degrees, so this property of water supports life.
Which of the substances listed above would have the highest heat of vaporization? WHY?
WATER = all the hydrogen bonds among the liquid water molecules must be broken in order for liquid water to be converted into its gaseous phase. Alcohol, on the other hand, does not have nearly as much hydrogen bonding taking place and therefore the heat required to convert a certain amount of alcohol from a liquid to a gas is much lower compared to water. In other words, water has a higher heat of vaporization than alcohol.
WHY DO WE CARE? = the high heat of vaporization of water allows for evaporative cooling, which enables organisms to regulate and maintain a constant internal temperature.
Explain the process of Evaporative Cooling.
As your body temperature begins to rise, your sweat glands are called into action and release sweat, and a large percentage of sweat is water. The water on the surface of your skin requires a great amount of heat to evaporate due to water’s high heat of vaporization. Water’s high heat of vaporization, as described in 4C, is due to hydrogen bonding among water molecules. In the process of evaporative cooling heat is drawn from the body and used to break the hydrogen bonds among the water molecules of the sweat. Therefore we are able to dissipate a great deal of heat from our body during this process and maintain a constant body temperature.
5.
Explain the following observations by referring to the properties of water: Coastal areas have milder climates than adjacent inland areas.
Moderation of temperature; water’s high heat of vaporization
Ocean temperatures fluctuate much less than air temperatures on land.
Moderation of temperature; water’s high specific heat due to hydrogen bonding among water molecule
Insects like water striders can walk on the surface of a pond without breaking the surface.
Cohesion: surface tension due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules
If you slightly overfill a water glass, the water will form a convex surface above the top of the glass.
Cohesion; surface tension of water due to hydrogen bonding among molecules of water
If you place a paper towel so that it touches spilled water, the towel will draw in the water.
Cohesion of water molecules; due to hydrogen bonding among water molecules which links each water molecule
Ice floats on water.
Solid phase of water less dense than liquid phase of water. WHY? In the solid phase of water, hydrogen bonds among water molecules are held in a fixed lattice where each water molecule bonds to 4 other water molecules. Whereas in liquid water, hydrogen bonds among water molecules are not fixed and constantly break and re-form. Therefore, the water molecules in solid water (ice) are held further apart from one another than water molecules in the liquid phase = ice is less dense than liquid water. How does this help life? Floating ice becomes a barrier that protects the liquid water below form cooler air = allows organisms to live in the liquid water under the ice.
Humans sweat and dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days.
Moderation of temperature: evaporative cooling due to high heat of vaporization of water
6.
Distinguish among a solute, a solvent, and a solution. Solute- substance being dissolved
Solvent- dissolving substance of a solution
Solution- completely homogenous mix of two or more substances
7.
Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Hydrophobic- nonionic and nonpolar molecules that repel water (water-hating) Ex: oils, nonpolar molecules like CH4
Hydrophilic- ionic or polar substances that have an affinity for water (water-loving) Ex: NaCl, polar molecules like NH3
8.
Explain how you would make up a one molar (1M) solution of ethyl alcohol. C (12X2) + O (16X1) + H (1X6) = 46 grams
Add 46 grams of ethyl alcohol to 1 liter of water = 1 Molar solution of ethyl alcohol!
The Dissociation of Water Molecules____________________________________________ VOCAB/TERMS:
hydrogen ion-
hydroxide ion-
READ: Skim Section 3.3 for answers
9.
Name the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water. H2O ( H+ (hydrogen ion) + OH- (hydroxide ion)
Concentration in pure water = 10-7 mole about one ten-millionth of a mole of hydrogen ions per liter of pure water and one ten-millionth of a mole of hydroxide ions per liter of pure water.
10.
Define acid, base, and pH. Acid- substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
Ex: HCl ( H+ + Cl-
Base- substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
Ex: NaOH ( Na+ + OH- ( OH- + H+ = H2O
pH- determined by relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
11.
A solution has a hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration of 10-9. What is the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of this solution? 10-5
(B) What is the pH of this solution? 5
12.
Buffer: acid-base pair that work together to maintain pH of a solution (take a look at the “Buffers” animation!)
-Which part is called into action when a base is added? The acid part of the acid –base pair
-Which part is called into action when an acid is added? The base part of the acid-base pair
-What does the acid part do? The acid part of the acid –base pair donates H+ ions to the solution when a basic substance is added to the solution.
-What does the base part do? The base part of the acid-base pair accepts H+ ions when an acidic substance is added to the solution.
Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay
Water and the Fitness of the Environment Essay solution
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